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Cranleigh Prep School
Grammar Guide for Level 1 CE
Contents
1. Grammatical Terms
2. Nouns
3. Verbs- Active Voice, Infinitives and Imperatives, possum
4. Perfect Tense-irregular verbs
5. Infinitives
6. Imperatives
1.Grammatical Terms
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adjectives
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These are words that describe nouns.
e.g. bonus (good), tristis (sad).
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adverbs
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These are words which describe verbs.
e.g. celeriter (quickly), statim (immediately)
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cardinal number
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unus (one), duo (two), tres (three) etc.
Note carefully the difference between this and an ORDINAL NUMBER.
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case
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nominative (subject), vocative (person spoken to), accusative (object), genitive (of), dative (to or for) or ablative (by, with, from).
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conjugation
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A family of verbs. e.g. amo (1) is in the first conjugation; audio (4) is in the fourth conjugation.
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conjunction
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A joining word. e.g. et (and), sed (but).
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declension
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A family of nouns. e.g. puella (girl) in in the first declension; servus (slave) is in the second declension; rex (king) is in the third declension. There are five declensions in all.
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derivation
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A word which has come from a Latin word, but which is NOT a translation of a Latin word.
e.g. aqua - ‘water' is a translation of this word, but possible derivations are aquarium, aquatic etc.
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gender
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Whether a noun or adjective is masculine, feminine or neuter.
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imperative
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An order.
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e.g. audi! (listen!), amate! (love!).
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infinitive
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A to word, the second principal part of a verb, usually ending in -re in Latin.
e.g. amare (to love). But beware of esse (to be).
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number
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Whether a noun or verb is SINGULAR or PLURAL.
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ordinal number
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primus (first), secundus (second), tertius (third) and so on. Note carefully the difference between this an a CARDINAL NUMBER.
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person
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1st person singular = I
2nd person singular = You
3rd person singular = He, She, It
1st person plural = We
2nd person plural = You
3rd person plural = They
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prepositions
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Little words like cum (with), ad (to, towards), in (in).
In Latin, some prepositions are followed by accusative nouns, others by ablative nouns.
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tense
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Present, future, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect or future perfect.
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2.NOUNS
A noun is the name of a person or thing., e.g. girl, chair, beauty, London.
The Cases.
Latin nouns have six cases. The case ending of a noun tells you what job the noun is doing in the sentence.
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name of case
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job
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English example in CAPITALS |
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nominative
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subject (doer) of verb
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THE BOY is working hard.
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vocative
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person spoken to
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BOY, what are you doing?
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accusative
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object (receiver) of verb
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The teacher punishes THE BOY.
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genitive
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‘of'
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The teacher OF THE BOY is clever.
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dative
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‘to', ‘for'
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I give money TO THE BOY.
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ablative
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‘by', ‘with', ‘from'
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He hits the boy WITH HIS HAND.
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1st and 2nd Declensions
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Declension:
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1
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2
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2
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2
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2
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Gender:
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f
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m
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m
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m
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n
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table
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master
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boy
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master
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war
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SINGULAR
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nominative
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mensA
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dominUS
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puER
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magistER
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bellUM
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vocative
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mensA
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dominE
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puER
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magistER
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bellUM
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accusative
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mensAM
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dominUM
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puerUM
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magistrUM
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bellUM
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genitive
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mensAE
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dominI
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puerI
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magistrI
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bellI
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dative
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mensAE
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dominO
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puerO
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magistrO
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bellO
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ablative
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mensA
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dominO
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puerO
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magistrO
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bellO
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PLURAL
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tables
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masters
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boys
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masters
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wars
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nominative
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mensAE
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dominI
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puerI
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magistrI
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bellA
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vocative
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mensAE
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dominI
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puerI
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magistrI
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bellA
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accusative
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mensAS
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dominOS
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puerOS
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magistrOS
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bellA
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genitive
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mensARUM
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dominORUM
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puerORUM
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magistrORUM
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bellORUM
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dative
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mensIS
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dominIS
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puerIS
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magistrIS
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bellIS
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ablative
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mensIS
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dominIS
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puerIS
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magistrIS
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bellIS
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3. Verbs
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1
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2
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3
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4
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sum
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love
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warn
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rule
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hear
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Present (is/are)
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I
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amO
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monEO
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regO
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audIO
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sum
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You (singular)
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amAS
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monES
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regIS
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audIS
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es
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He/She/It
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amAT
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monET
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regIT
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audIT
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est
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We
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amAMUS
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monEMUS
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regIMUS
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audIMUS
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sumus
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You (plural)
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amATIS
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monETIS
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regITIS
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audITIS
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estis
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They
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amANT
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monENT
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regUNT
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audIUNT
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sunt
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Imperfect (was/were ~ing)
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I
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amABAM
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monEBAM
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regEBAM
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audIEBAM
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eram
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You (singular)
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amABAS
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monEBAS
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regEBAS
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audIEBAS
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eras
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He/She/It
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amABAT
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monEBAT
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regEBAT
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audIEBAT
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erat
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We
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amABAMUS
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monEBAMUS
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regEBAMUS
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audIEBAMUS
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eramus
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You (plural)
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amABATIS
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monEBATIS
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regEBATIS
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audIEBATIS
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eratis
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They
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amABANT
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monEBANT
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regEBANT
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audIEBANT
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erant
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Future (will)
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I
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amaBO
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moneBO
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regAM
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audiAM
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ero
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You (singular)
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amaBIS
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moneBIS
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regES
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audiES
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eris
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He/She/It
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amaBIT
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moneBIT
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regET
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audiET
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erit
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We
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amaBIMUS
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moneBIMUS
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regEMUS
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audiEMUS
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erimus
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You (plural)
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amaBITIS
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moneBITIS
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regETIS
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audiETIS
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eritis
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They
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amaBUNT
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moneBUNT
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regENT
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audiENT
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erunt
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Perfect (did)
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amavI
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monuI
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rexI
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audivI
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fui
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You (singular)
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amavISTI
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monuISTI
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rexISTI
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audivISTI
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fuisti
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He/She/It
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amavIT
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monuIT
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rexIT
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audivIT
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fuit
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We
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amavIMUS
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monuIMUS
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rexIMUS
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audivIMUS
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fuimus
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You (plural)
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amavISTIS
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monuISTIS
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rexISTIS
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audivISTIS
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fuistis
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They
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amavERUNT
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monuERUNT
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rexERUNT
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audivERUNT
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fuerunt
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Infinitive (‘to')
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amARE
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monERE
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regERE
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audIRE
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esse
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Imperatives
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singular:
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amA
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monE
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regE
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audI
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plural:
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amATE
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monETE
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regETE
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audITE
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4. Verbs that change their stems when going to the Perfect Tense
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Present Tense
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Perfect Tense
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capio
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cepi
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consumo
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consumpsi
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curro
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cucurri
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dico
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dixi
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discedo
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discessi
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duco
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duxi
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do
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dedi
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facio
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feci
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iacio
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ieci
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iubeo
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iussi
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ludo
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lusi
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maneo
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mansi
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mitto
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misi
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pono
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posui
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rideo
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risi
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scribo
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scripsi
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sto
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steti
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venio
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veni
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video
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vidi
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5. Infinitives.
These are to-words (e.g. to run, to laugh, to play). Apart from irregular verbs like to be they are easy to spot in Latin: they all end in -RE.
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Conjugation
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Present |
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Infinitive |
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1
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amo
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I love
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amARE
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to love
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2
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moneo
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I warn
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monERE
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to warn
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3
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rego
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I rule
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regERE
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to rule
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4
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audio
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I hear
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audIRE
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to hear
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M
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capio
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I take
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capERE
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to take
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irregular verb
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sum
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I am
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esse
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to be
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Position: you will usually find these infinitives just before the main verb at the end of a Latin sentence.
Examples
puella currere parat. The girl prepares TO run.
puer ludere cupit. The boy wants TO play.
vir in proelio pugnare constituit. The man decides TO fight in battle.
dominus servum laborare iubet. The master orders the slave TO work.
6. Imperatives.
These are used for giving orders - telling people to do things. The singular imperative is used to give an order to one person; the plural imperative is used to give an order to more than one person.
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plural |
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amA
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amATE
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Love!
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2
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monE
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monETE
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Warn!
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3
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regE
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regITE
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Rule!
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4
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audI
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audITE
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Hear!/Listen!
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M
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capE
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capITE
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Take!
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sum
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es
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este
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Be!
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Examples
audi, puer! Listen, boy! (singular imperative)
audite, pueri! Listen, boys! (plural imperative)
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