Scholarship Grammar Guide

*name of case*	*job*	English example in CAPITALS
nominative	subject (doer) of verb	THE BOY is working hard.
vocative	person spoken to	BOY, what are you doing?
accusative	object (receiver) of verb	The teacher punishes THE BOY.
genitive	‘of'	The teacher OF THE BOY is clever.
dative	‘to', ‘for'	I give money TO THE BOY.
ablative	‘by', ‘with', ‘from'	He hits the boy WITH HIS HAND.

2. Summary of Nouns for Level 3.

Declension:	1	2	2	2	2
Gender:	f	m	m	m	n
	girl	slave	boy	field	war
SINGULAR
nominative	puellA	servUS	puER	agER	bellUM
vocative	puellA	servE	puER	agER	bellUM
accusative	puellAM	servUM	puerUM	agrUM	bellUM
genitive	puellAE	servI	puerI	agrI	bellI
dative	puellAE	servO	puerO	agrO	bellO
ablative	puellA	servO	puerO	agrO	bellO

PLURAL	girls	slaves	boys	fields	wars
nominative	puellAE	servI	puerI	agrI	bellA
vocative	puellAE	servI	puerI	agrI	bellA
accusative	puellAS	servOS	puerOS	agrOS	bellA
genitive	puellARUM	servORUM	puerORUM	agrORUM	bellORUM
dative	puellIS	servIS	puerIS	agrIS	bellIS
ablative	puellIS	servIS	puerIS	agrIS	bellIS

Declension:	3	3	4	5
Gender:	*m/f*	n	*m/f*	*m/f*
	king (m.)	task	hand (f.)	thing (f.)
SINGULAR
nominative	rex	opus	manUS	rES
vocative	rex	opus	manUS	rES
accusative	regEM	opus	manUM	rEM
genitive	regIS	operIS	manUS	rEI
dative	regI	operI	manUI	rEI
ablative	regE	operE	manU	rE

PLURAL	kings	tasks	hands	things
nominative	regES	operA	manUS	rES
vocative	regES	operA	manUS	rES
accusative	regES	operA	manUS	rES
genitive	regUM	operUM	manUUM	rERUM
dative	regIBUS	operIBUS	manIBUS	rEBUS
ablative	regIBUS	operIBUS	manIBUS	rEBUS

ADJECTIVES

These are describing words. An adjective must have the same gender (masculine/feminine/neuter) case (nominative/vocative/accusative etc.) and number (singular/plural) as the noun it is describing.

3. Adjectives in -us.

e.g. bonUS, good

	masculine	feminine	neuter
SINGULAR
nominative	bonUS	bonA	bonUM
vocative	bonE	bonA	bonUM
accusative	bonUM	bonAM	bonUM
genitive	bonI	bonAE	bonI
dative	bonO	bonAE	bonO
ablative	bonO	bonA	bonO

PLURAL
nominative	bonI	bonAE	bonA
vocative	bonI	bonAE	bonA
accusative	bonOS	bonAS	bonA
genitive	bonORUM	bonARUM	bonORUM
dative	bonIS	bonIS	bonIS
ablative	bonIS	bonIS	bonIS

If you compare these endings with those of the nouns you will see that:

the masculine endings are the same as those of servus.
the feminine endings are the same as those of puella.
the neuter endings are the same as those of bellum.

4. Third Declension Adjectives in -is.

e.g. tristIS, sad

	masculine	feminine	neuter
SINGULAR
nominative	tristIS	tristIS	tristE
vocative	tristIS	tristIS	tristE
accusative	tristEM	tristEM	tristE
genitive	tristIS	tristIS	tristIS
dative	tristI	tristI	tristI
ablative	tristI	tristI	tristI

PLURAL
nominative	tristES	tristES	tristIA
vocative	tristES	tristES	tristIA
accusative	tristES	tristES	tristIA
genitive	tristIUM	tristIUM	tristIUM
dative	tristIBUS	tristIBUS	tristIBUS
ablative	tristIBUS	tristIBUS	tristIBUS

You will see that these endings are very similar to those of third declension nouns.

5. Third Declension Adjectives in -ns.

e.g. ingens, huge

	masculine	feminine	neuter
SINGULAR
nominative	ingens	ingens	ingens
vocative	ingens	ingens	ingens
accusative	ingentEM	ingentEM	ingens
genitive	ingentIS	ingentIS	ingentIS
dative	ingentI	ingentI	ingentI
ablative	ingentI	ingentI	ingentI

PLURAL
nominative	ingentES	ingentES	ingentIA
vocative	ingentES	ingentES	ingentIA
accusative	ingentES	ingentES	ingentIA
genitive	ingentIUM	ingentIUM	ingentIUM
dative	ingentIBUS	ingentIBUS	ingentIBUS
ablative	ingentIBUS	ingentIBUS	ingentIBUS

6. Comparison of Adjectives

Comparison is all about comparing things.

Look at the underlined adjectives in these three examples:

Emily is cool.

Clementine is cooler than Emily.

Bass is the coolest (or very cool).

These adjectives show what are called the THREE DEGREES of comparison.

In the sentences above:

cool is called a POSITIVE adjective,
cooler is called a COMPARATIVE adjective (because a comparison is being made - Clementine is being compared to Emily),
and coolest (or very cool) is called a SUPERLATIVE adjective.

Here are some more examples in English:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
wide	wider	widest / very wide / most wide
wise	wiser	wisest / very wise / most wise
good*	better (NOT gooder!)	best (NOT goodest!) / very good
beautiful*	more beautiful (NOT beautifuller!)	most / very beautiful (NOT beautifullest!) / most beautiful

* these are irregular in English. In other words it's not just a case of adding -er or -est!

7. Comparison in Latin

In Latin comparative adjectives usually end in -ior. Their endings are like those of the table of latior (below, §30). Superlative adjectives usually end in -issimus or -errimus, and their endings are like those of bonus (see §22).

Here are some examples:

	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
-us		STEM + IOR	STEM + ISSIMUS
	latus wide	latior wider	latissimus widest/very wide
-er		STEM + IOR	POSITIVE + RIMUS
	miser miserable	miserior more miserable	miserrimus very miserable
	niger black	nigrior more black	nigerrimus very black
		STEM + IOR	STEM + ISSIMUS
-is	tristis sad	tristior more sad	tristissimus very sad
-x	felix fortunate	felicior more fortunate	felicissimus very fortunate
-ns	ingens huge	ingentior more huge	ingentissimus very huge

Examples

servus est laetissimus. The slave is very happy. (masculine singular)

servi sunt laetissimi. The slaves are very happy.(masculine plural)

puella est laetissima. The girl is very happy. (feminine singular)

puellae sunt laetissimae. The girls are very happy. (feminine plural)

templum est clarissimum. The temple is very famous.(neuter singular)

templa sunt clarissima. The temples are very famous.(neuter plural)

8. Comparative adjectives in -ior

e.g. latior, wider

	masculine	feminine	neuter
SINGULAR
nominative	latIOR	latIOR	latIUS
vocative	latIOR	latIOR	latIUS
accusative	latIOREM	latIOREM	latIUS
genitive	latIORIS	latIORIS	latIORIS
dative	latIORI	latIORI	latIORI
ablative	latIORE	latIORE	latIORE

PLURAL
nominative	latIORES	latIORES	latIORA
vocative	latIORES	latIORES	latIORA
accusative	latIORES	latIORES	latIORA
genitive	latIORUM	latIORUM	latIORUM
dative	latIORIBUS	latIORIBUS	latIORIBUS
ablative	latIORIBUS	latIORIBUS	latIORIBUS

9. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
bonus, good	melior, better	optimus, very good, best
malus, bad	peior, worse	pessimus, very bad, worst
magnus, big	maior, bigger	maximus, very big, biggest
parvus, small	minor, smaller	minimus, very small, smallest
multus, much, many	plus, more	plurimus, most, very many

PRONOUNS

These are words which take the place of nouns, e.g. I, You, He, We, They.

10. First Person Pronouns: ego.

‘First person' means I and We.

	singular		plural
nominative	ego	I	nos	we
accusative	me	me	nos	us
genitive	mei	of me/my	nostrum	of us/our
dative	mihi	to/for me	nobis	to/for us
ablative	me	(by) me	nobis	(by) us
note:	mecum	with me	nobiscum	with us

11. Second Person Pronouns: tu.

‘Second person' means You.

	singular		plural
nominative	tu	you	vos	you
accusative	te	you	vos	you
genitive	tui	of you/your	vestrum	of you/your
dative	tibi	to/for you	vobis	to/for you
ablative	te	(by) you	vobis	(by) you
note:	tecum	with you	vobiscum	with you

12. Third Person Reflexive Pronoun: se.

	singular		plural
nominative	-		-
accusative	se	himself/herself	se	themselves
genitive	sui	of himself/herself	sui	of themselves
dative	sibi	to/for himself/herself	sibi	to/for themselves
ablative	se	(by) himself/herself	se	(by) themselves
note:	secum	with him / with her	secum	with them

13. Third Person Pronoun: is, ea, id (= he, she, it).

	masculine		feminine		neuter
SINGULAR
nominative	is	he	ea	she	id	it
accusative	eum	him	eam	her	id	it
genitive	eius	his	eius	her	eius	of it
dative	ei	to him	ei	to her	ei	to it
ablative	eo	by him	ea	by her	eo	by it

PLURAL
nominative	ei	they	eae	they	ea	they
accusative	eos	them	eas	them	ea	them
genitive	eorum	their	earum	their	eorum	their
dative	eis	to them	eis	to them	eis	to them
ablative	eis	by them	eis	by them	eis	by them

14. Demonstrative adjective: hic, haec, hoc = ‘this' (plural: ‘these').

‘Demonstrative' just means ‘pointing something out'. The word this points to something near the speaker.

	masculine	feminine	neuter
SINGULAR
nominative	hic	haec	hoc
accusative	hunc	hanc	hoc
genitive	huius	huius	huius
dative	huic	huic	huic
ablative	hoc	hac	hoc

PLURAL
nominative	hi	hae	haec
accusative	hos	has	haec
genitive	horum	harum	horum
dative	his	his	his
ablative	his	his	his

PRONOUNS

15. The Relative Pronoun: qui, quae, quod = ‘who', ‘which', etc.

	masculine	feminine	neuter
SINGULAR
nominative	qui	quae	quod	who, which
accusative	quem	quam	quod	whom, which
genitive	cuius	cuius	cuius	whose
dative	cui	cui	cui	to whom, to which
ablative	quo	qua	quo	(by) whom, by which

PLURAL
nominative	qui	quae	quae	who, which
accusative	quos	quas	quae	whom, which
genitive	quorum	quarum	quorum	whose
dative	quibus	quibus	quibus	to whom
ablative	quibus	quibus	quibus	(by) whom, by which

16. Relative Clauses in English.

These are clauses introduced by a relative pronoun. They RELATE to the person or thing mentioned previously. What they relate to is called the ANTECEDENT.

English Examples

Antecedent	Relative Pronoun and Clause	Main Clause
The boy,	who was naughty,	was expelled from school.
That girl,	whom I love,	is very pretty.
The man,	to whom I gave the money,	was a beggar.
The temple,	which was expensive,	collapsed easily.

As you will see, the relative pronoun and its clause - which simply gives further information about the antecedent - could be removed from the sentence entirely: what is left still makes perfect sense:

The boy was expelled from school

The girl is very pretty.

The man was a beggar.

The temple collapsed easily.

17. Relative Clauses in Latin.

In Latin the relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender (masculine/feminine/neuter) and number (singular/plural). Its case is decided by its function in the relative clause.

Latin Examples

puella, quae per viam ambulat, pulchra est.

The girl, who is walking along the road, is beautiful.

puella, quam specto, pulchra est.

The girl, whom I am watching, is beautiful.

puella, cuius pater senator est, dives est.

The girl, whose father is a senator, is wealthy.

puella, cui pecuniam dedi, multa dona emit.

The girl, to whom I gave the money, bought many gifts.

18. quidam, quaedam, quoddam = ‘a certain,' ‘certain.'

This is basically the table of qui, quae, quod with a -dam on the end.

	masculine	feminine	neuter
SINGULAR
nominative	quidam	quaedam	quoddam
accusative	quemdam	quamdam	quoddam
genitive	cuiusdam	cuiusdam	cuiusdam
dative	cuidam	cuidam	cuidam
ablative	quodam	quadam	quodam

PLURAL
nominative	quidam	quaedam	quaedam
accusative	quosdam	quasdam	quaedam
genitive	quorundam	quarundam	quorundam
dative	quibusdam	quibusdam	quibusdam
ablative	quibusdam	quibusdam	quibusdam

19. Demonstrative adjective: idem, eadem, idem = ‘the same.'

This behaves rather like the table of is, ea, id (see §36) with a -dem added on to the end.

	masculine	feminine	neuter
SINGULAR
nominative	idem	eadem	idem
accusative	eundem	eandem	idem
genitive	eiusdem	eiusdem	eiusdem
dative	eidem	eidem	eidem
ablative	eodem	eadem	eodem

PLURAL
nominative	eidem	eidem	eadem
accusative	eosdem	eosdem	eadem
genitive	eorundem	earundem	eorundem
dative	eisdem	eisdem	eisdem
ablative	eisdem	eisdem	eisdem

20. Emphatic (adding emphasis) adjective: ipse, ipsa, ipsum = ‘-self.'

	masculine	feminine	neuter
SINGULAR
nominative	ipse	ipsa	ipsum
accusative	ipsum	ipsam	ipsum
genitive	ipsius	ipsius	ipsius
dative	ipsi	ipsi	ipsi
ablative	ipso	ipsa	ipso

PLURAL
nominative	ipsi	ipsae	ipsa
accusative	ipsos	ipsas	ipsa
genitive	ipsorum	ipsarum	ipsorum
dative	ipsis	ipsis	ipsis
ablative	ipsis	ipsis	ipsis

Examples ego ipse reginam vidi. I saw the queen myself.

regina ipsa venit. The queen herself came.

21. Reflexive Pronouns

These are pronouns which reflect (‘bend back') the action back to the subject.

singular	plural
me myself	nos ourselves
te yourself	vos yourselves
se himself / herself / itself	se themselves

Examples

me necabo. I will kill myself.

se amat. He loves himself.

se defendunt. They defend themselves.

22. PREPOSITIONS

These are little words like to, in, with, from, out of. They are followed by nouns. Some prepositions are followed by accusative words in Latin, others are followed by ablative words (See LWL §41-42, page 19).

Examples

per + accusative = along.    per viam ambulat.    He is walking along the street.

cum + ablative = with.        cum amico ludit.     He is playing with a friend.

The Preposition in.

This frequently causes problems, because it can be followed by an ablative word (when it means in or on.) as well as by an accusative word (when it means into).

Examples

in + ablative = in.

equus in agro currit.                        The horse is running in the field.

in + accusative = into.

equus in agrum currit.        The horse is running into the field.

23. Numbers.

cardinal numbers

ordinal numbers

unus

one

primus

first

duo

two

secundus

second

tres

three

tertius

third

quattuor

four

quartus

fourth

quinque

five

quintus

fifth

sex

six

sextus

sixth

septem

seven

septimus

seventh

octo

eight

octavus

eighth

novem

nine

nonus

ninth

decem

ten

decimus

tenth

24. VERBS

The end bit (or ‘ending') of the word indicates who is doing the action.

The Persons.

The table of amo, above, shows the way in which verbs are set out in grammar books. As you will see the order of the persons - the people doing the action - is I, You, He/She/It, We, You and They.

1st person singular

I

2nd person singular

You (singular - one person)

3rd person singular

He or She or It

1st person plural

We

2nd person plural

You (plural - more than one person)

3rd person plural

They

25. Principal Parts.

When you look up a Latin verb in a dictionary or wordlist you will find a number of pieces of information given.

            1          2            3             4          5      6

e.g. amo, amare, amavi, amatum (1), love

1. The first word (usually ending in -o) is the 1st person singular of the present tense.

2. The second word (usually ending in -re) is the present infinitive (to-word, see section 1.26.

3. The third word (ending in -i) is the 1st person singular of the perfect tense (see section 1.32).

4. The fourth word (ending in -um) is called the supine, which you don't need to worry about at this stage!

5. The fifth piece of information is the verb conjugation number.

6. The sixth piece of information is the English meaning of the verb.

The first four pieces of information noted above are called the principal parts of the verb. If you know these four principal parts by heart it is possible to work out all the other parts of the Latin verb.

English has principal parts as well. If you know, for example, swim-swum-swam or go-gone-went all the other parts of these English verbs can be worked out from these three principal parts.

26. Summary of Regular Active Verbs for Level 3.

1

2

3

4

sum

love

warn

rule

hear

I am

Present (is/are)

I

amO

monEO

regO

audIO

sum

You (singular)

amAS

monES

regIS

audIS

es

He/She/It

amAT

monET

regIT

audIT

est

We

amAMUS

monEMUS

regIMUS

audIMUS

sumus

You (plural)

amATIS

monETIS

regITIS

audITIS

estis

They

amANT

monENT

regUNT

audIUNT

sunt

Imperfect (was/were ~ing)

I

amABAM

monEBAM

regEBAM

audIEBAM

eram

You (singular)

amABAS

monEBAS

regEBAS

audIEBAS

eras

He/She/It

amABAT

monEBAT

regEBAT

audIEBAT

erat

We

amABAMUS

monEBAMUS

regEBAMUS

audIEBAMUS

eramus

You (plural)

amABATIS

monEBATIS

regEBATIS

audIEBATIS

eratis

They

amABANT

monEBANT

regEBANT

audIEBANT

erant

Future (will)

I

amaBO

moneBO

regAM

audiAM

ero

You (singular)

amaBIS

moneBIS

regES

audiES

eris

He/She/It

amaBIT

moneBIT

regET

audiET

erit

We

amaBIMUS

moneBIMUS

regEMUS

audiEMUS

erimus

You (plural)

amaBITIS

moneBITIS

regETIS

audiETIS

eritis

They

amaBUNT

moneBUNT

regENT

audiENT

erunt

Perfect (did)

I

amavI

monuI

rexI

audivI

fui

You (singular)

amavISTI

monuISTI

rexISTI

audivISTI

fuisti

He/She/It

amavIT

monuIT

rexIT

audivIT

fuit

We

amavIMUS

monuIMUS

rexIMUS

audivIMUS

fuimus

You (plural)

amavISTIS

monuISTIS

rexISTIS

audivISTIS

fuistis

They

amavERUNT

monuERUNT

rexERUNT

audivERUNT

fuerunt

Pluperfect (had)

I

amavERAM

monuERAM

rexERAM

audivERAM

fueram

You (singular)

amavERAS

monuERAS

rexERAS

audivERAS

fueras

He/She/It

amavERAT

monuERAT

rexERAT

audivERAT

fuerat

We

amavERAMUS

monuERAMUS

rexERAMUS

audivERAMUS

fueramus

You (plural)

amavERATIS

monuERATIS

rexERATIS

audivERATIS

fueratis

They

amavERANT

monuERANT

rexERANT

audivERANT

fuerant

Infinitive (‘to')

amARE

monERE

regERE

audIRE

esse

Imperatives

singular:

amA

monE

regE

audI

es

plural:

amATE

monETE

regETE

audITE

este

27. Infinitives.

These are to-words (e.g. to run, to laugh, to play). Apart from irregular verbs like to be they are easy to spot in Latin: they all end in -RE.

Conjugation

Present

English

Infinitive

English

1

amo

I love

amARE

to love

2

moneo

I warn

monERE

to warn

3

rego

I rule

regERE

to rule

4

audio

I hear

audIRE

to hear

M

capio

I take

capERE

to take

irregular verb

sum

I am

esse

to be

Position: you will usually find these infinitives just before the main verb at the end of a Latin sentence.

Examples

puella currere parat.                        The girl prepares TO run.

puer ludere cupit.                            The boy wants TO play.

vir in proelio pugnare constituit.   The man decides TO fight in battle.

dominus servum laborare iubet.   The master orders the slave TO work.

28. Irregular Verbs

Summary of possum, I am able/I can.

Present

Imperfect

Perfect

Future

Pluperfect

can

could

could

will be able

had been able

I

possum

poteram

potui

potero

potueram

You (singular)

potes

poteras

potuisti

poteris

potueras

He/She/It

potest

poterat

potuit

poterit

potuerat

We

possumus

poteramus

potuimus

poterimus

potueramus

You (plural)

potestis

poteratis

potuistis

poteritis

potueratis

They

possunt

poterant

potuerunt

poterunt

potuerant

Infinitive (‘to')

posse

Summary of eo, I go.

Present

Imperfect

Perfect

Future

Pluperfect

go

was/were going

went

will go

had gone

I

eo

ibam

ii / ivi

ibo

ieram / iveram

You (singular)

is

ibas

iisti / ivisit

ibis

ieras / iveras

He/She/It

it

ibat

iit / ivit

ibit

ierat / iverat

We

imus

ibamus

iimus / ivimus

ibimus

ieramus / iveramus

You (plural)

itis

ibatis

iistis / ivistis

ibitis

ieratis / iveratis

They

eunt

ibant

ierunt / iverunt

ibunt

ierant / iverant

Infinitive (‘to')

ire

Imperatives

singular:

i

plural:

ite

volo, velle, volui - I wish, I want

Present

Imperfect

Perfect

Future

Pluperfect

want

wanted

wanted

will want

had wanted

I

volo

volebam

volui

volam

volueram

You (singular)

vis

volebas

voluisti

voles

volueras

He/She/It

vult

volebat

voluit

volet

voluerat

We

volumus

volebamus

voluimus

volemus

volueramus

You (plural)

vultis

volebatis

voluistis

voletis

volueratis

They

volunt

volebant

voluerunt

volent

voluerant

Infinitive (‘to')

velle

nolo, nolle, nolui - I do not wish, I refuse.

Present

Imperfect

Perfect

Future

Pluperfect

do not want

did not want

did not want

will not want

had no twanted

I

nolo

nolebam

nolui

nolam

nolueram

You (singular)

non vis

nolebas

noluisti

noles

nolueras

He/She/It

non vult

nolebat

noluit

nolet

noluerat

We

nolumus

nolebamus

noluimus

nolemus

nolueramus

You (plural)

non vultis

nolebatis

noluistis

noletis

nolueratis

They

nolunt

nolebant

noluerunt

nolent

noluerant

Infinitive (‘to')

nolle

Imperatives

singular:

noli

plural:

nolite

fero, ferre, tuli, latum - I bear, I carry.

ACTIVE

Present

Imperfect

Perfect

Future

Pluperfect

carry

was/were carrying

carried

will carry

had carried

I

fero

ferebam

tuli

feram

tuleram

You (singular)

fers

ferebas

tulisti

feres

tuleras

He/She/It

fert

ferebat

tulit

feret

tulerat

We

ferimus

ferebamus

tulimus

feremus

tuleramus

You (plural)

fertis

ferebatis

tulistis

feretis

tuleratis

They

ferunt

ferebant

tulerunt

ferent

tulerant

Infinitive (‘to')

ferre

Imperatives

singular:

fer

plural:

ferte

29. Summary of Regular Passive Verbs for Level 3.

1

2

3

4

M

loved

warned

ruled

heard

taken

Present

I am

amOR

monEOR

regOR

audIOR

capIOR

You (singular) are

amARIS

monERIS

regERIS

audIRIS

capERIS

He/She/It is

amATUR

monETUR

regITUR

audITUR

capITUR

We are

amAMUR

monEMUR

regIMUR

audIMUR

capIMUR

You (plural) are

amAMINI

monEMINI

regIMINI

audIMINI

capIMINI

They are

amANTUR

monENTUR

regUNTUR

audIUNTUR

capIUNTUR

Imperfect)

I was being

amABAR

monEBAR

regEBAR

audIEBAR

capIEBAR

You (singular) were being

amABARIS

monEBARIS

regEBARIS

audIEBARIS

capIEBARIS

He/She/It was being

amABATUR

monEBATUR

regEBATUR

audIEBATUR

capIEBATUR

We were being

amABAMUR

monEBAMUR

regEBAMUR

audIEBAMUR

capIEBAMUR

You (plural) were being

amABAMINI

monEBAMINI

regEBAMINI

audIEBAMINI

capIEBAMINI

They were being

amABANTUR

monEBANTUR

regEBANTUR

audIEBANTUR

capIEBANTUR

Perfect

I was

amatUS sum

monitUS sum

rectUS sum

auditUS sum

captUS sum

You (singular) were

amatUS es

monitUS es

rectUS es

auditUS es

captUS es

He/She/It was

amatUS est

monitUS est

rectUS est

auditUS est

captUS est

We were

amatI sumus

monitI sumus

rectI sumus

auditI sumus

captI sumus

You (plural) were

amatI estis

monitI estis

rectI estis

auditI estis

captI estis

They were

amatI sunt

monitI sunt

rectI sunt

auditI sunt

captI sunt

Future

I will be

amaBOR

moneBOR

regAR

audiAR

capiAR

You (singular) will be

amaBERIS

moneBERIS

regERIS

audiERIS

capiERIS

He/She/It will be

amaBITUR

moneBITUR

regETUR

audiETUR

capiETUR

We will be

amaBIMUR

moneBIMUR

regEMUR

audiEMUR

capiEMUR

You (plural) will be

amaBIMINI

moneBIMINI

regEMINI

audiEMINI

capiEMINI

They will be

amaBUNTUR

moneBUNTUR

regENTUR

audiENTUR

capiENTUR

Pluperfect

I had been

amatUS eram

monitUS eram

rectUS eram

auditUS eram

captUS eram

You (singular) had been

amatUS eras

monitUS eras

rectUS eras

auditUS eras

captUS eras

He/She/It had been

amatUS erat

monitUS erat

rectUS erat

auditUS erat

captUS erat

We had been

amatI eramus

monitI eramus

rectI eramus

auditI eramus

captI eramus

You (plural) had been

amatI eratis

monitI eratis

rectI eratis

auditI eratis

captI eratis

They had been

amatI erant

monitI erant

rectI erant

auditI erant

captI erant



30. Present Participles

These are -ing words: e.g. running, laughing, playing. The action described is going on at the same time as the main verb. Using while/whilst or as usually results in better sounding English.

Examples

Walking along the road,

Whilst walking along the road,

As he was walking along the road,

the man slipped on a banana skin.

Present Participles in Latin

1

amans, amantis

Loving

2

monens, monentis

Warning, Advising

3

regens, regentis

Ruling

4

audiens, audientis

Listening, Hearing

M

capiens, capientis

Taking

Present participles must agree with the subject - the person doing the action. They have the following endings, which are the same as those of ingens.

masculine

feminine

neuter

SINGULAR

nominative

amans

amans

amans

vocative

amans

amans

amans

accusative

amantEM

amantEM

amans

genitive

amantIS

amantIS

amantIS

dative

amantI

amantI

amantI

ablative

amantI

amantI

amantI

PLURAL

nominative

amantES

amantES

amantIA

vocative

amantES

amantES

amantIA

accusative

amantES

amantES

amantIA

genitive

amantIUM

amantIUM

amantIUM

dative

amantIBUS

amantIBUS

amantIBUS

ablative

amantIBUS

amantIBUS

amantIBUS

Examples

1.

miles pro patria pugnans cecidit.

The soldier fell

fighting

whilst fighting

as he was fighting

for his country.

2.

pueri magistrum appropinquantem viderunt.

The boys saw the master

approaching.

as he was approaching.

while he was approaching.

3.

feminas clamantes audivimus.

We heard women

shouting.

4.

turbam feminarum clamantium audivimus.

We heard a crowd

of shouting women.

31. Past Participle Passive

In English this is having been ~d. e.g. having been told, having been warned.

Formation

In Latin the past participle passive (PPP) is formed by taking the supine (the fourth principal part - see §74) and replacing the -um with -us.

So:

Verb

Supine

PPP

English

1.

amo

amatum

amatUS

having been loved

2.

moneo

monitum

monitUS

having been warned

3.

rego

rectum

rectUS

having been ruled

4.

audio

auditum

auditUS

having been heard

5.

capio

captum

captUS

having been taken

The PPP is an adjective and must agree with the subject. Its endings are the same as those of bonus (see §22).

94. The PPP in English

Translating the PPP as having been ~d can sometimes lead to unnatural English. The English can be improved by getting rid of the having been and replacing it with

a. when or

b. who/which or

c. a main verb + and.....

Example

urbs capta deleta est.

(Poor English:The having-been-captured city was destroyed.)

These sound more natural:

a. When the city was captured it was destroyed.

b. The city which was captured was destroyed.

c. The city was captured and destroyed.

32. Ablative Absolutes

This usually consists of a past participle passive (PPP) agreeing with a noun in the ablative. Its literal meaning of with something having-been-done can usually be turned into better English by using option a. or c. above. (§91)

Examples

1. domino viso servi fugerunt.

            (Poor English: With the master having-been-seen, the slaves fled).

            When the master had been seen the slaves fled.

            The slaves saw the master and fled.

2. hostibus visis milites timebant.

(Poor English: With the enemy having-been-seen, the soldiers were afraid).

When the enemy had been seen, the soldiers were afraid.

When the soldiers had seen the enemy they were afraid.

The soldiers saw the enemy and were afraid.

33. Prohibitions

Prohibitions are commands telling someone NOT to do something. In English they begin with the words Do not....

In Latin singular prohibitions (telling one person not to do something) begin with the word noli.

Plural prohibitions (telling more than one person not to do something) begin with the word nolite.

The noli/nolite is followed by an infinitive (to-word - see §61).

Examples

noli currere, puer!                Do not run, boy! (singular prohibition)

nolite currere, pueri!                        Do not run, boys! (plural prohibition)

34. Time.

There are two sorts of time expression in Latin.

1.

Time how long.

(key English word: for).

ACCUSATIVE

endings.

multAS horAS dormivit.

He slept FOR many hours.

2.

Time when.

(key English words: in, at, on).

ABLATIVE

endings.

sextA horA venit.

He came AT the sixth hour.

Key Vocabulary

hora, horae, f.

hour

aestas, aestatis, f.

summer

annus, anni, m.

year

hiems, hiemis, f.

winter

nox, noctis, f.

night

tempus, temporis, n.

time

dies, diei, m.

day

Key Expressions

eo die

on that day

nocte

at night

eodem die

on the same day

brevi tempore

in a short time

prima luce

at dawn (first light)

35. Place.

AT

TOWARDS

FROM

normal nouns

prepositions + ablative

in horto

in the garden

prepositions + accusative

ad hortum

to the garden

prepositions + ablative

ex horto

out of the garden

cities

‘locative' - special ending

Romae

in/at Rome

accusative only

Romam

to Rome

ablative only

Roma

from Rome

two special nouns:

domus (home)

rus (country)

domi at home

ruri in the country

domum (to) home

rus to the country

domo from home

rure from the country

36. Indicatives and Subjunctives

All the tenses you have met so far have been in the INDICATIVE mood. They INDICATE facts - things that happen. There is another mood in Latin called the SUBJUNCTIVE mood. This is used to express not facts, but ideas about things that might happen.

The most common subjunctive tense you will meet is the imperfect subjunctive.

Imperfect Subjunctive Active

This is formed in the same way for all verbs - even irregular ones - by taking all of the present infinitive active (second principal part, ending in -RE, the to-word) and adding the following personal endings: -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt.

Example        amo, amare, amavi, amatum

                                                amareM

                                                amareS

                                                amareT

                                                amareMUS

                                                amareTIS

                                                amareNT

1

2

3

4

M

to be

amo, amare

moneo, monere

rego, regere

audiio, audire

capio, capere

sum, esse

amareM

monereM

regereM

audireM

capereM

esseM

amareS

monereS

regereS

audireS

capereS

esseS

amareT

monereT

regereT

audireT

capereT

esseT

amareMUS

monereMUS

regereMUS

audireMUS

capereMUS

esseMUS

amareTIS

monereTIS

regereTIS

audireTIS

capereTIS

esseTIS

amareNT

monereNT

regereNT

audireNT

capereNT

esseNT

37. Purpose Clauses

These are clauses which indicate someone's purpose in doing something. They are introduced by the words in order to...., so as to...., or simply to....

English Examples

main clause

purpose clause

We were eating

in order to live.

The boy worked hard

so as to pass his exams.

I ran

to catch the bus.

In Latin purpose clauses in the past the main clause is as normal, but the verb in the purpose clause is in the imperfect subjunctive.

The Latin word for in order to..../ so as to..... / to.... is ut.

Latin Examples

main clause

purpose clause

venimus

ut laboraremus.

We came

in order to work.

milites venerunt

ut pugnarent.

The soldiers came

to fight.

servus currebat

ut effugeret.

The slave was running

in order to escape.

38. Negative Purpose Clauses

These are introduced by the words in order not to...., or so as not to....

English Examples

main clause

purpose clause

He ran

in order not to miss the bus.

The boy was revising hard

so as not to fail his exams.

Again, the verb in the negative purpose clause is in the imperfect subjunctive.

The Latin word for in order not to..../ so as not to..... is ne.

Latin Examples

main clause

purpose clause

servus effugit

ne laboraret.

The slave escaped

in order not to work.

servus laboravit

ne a domino puniretur.

The slave worked

so as not to be punished by his master.

39. Indirect Commands

    An indirect command when you ask, persuade, order or encourage someone to/ not to do something

Example:

   English: In Latin we use ut or ne + subjunctive

           Main clause

Indirect command

The leader ordered the soldiers

dux militibus imperavit

to attack.

ut oppugnarent.

The leader ordered the soldiers

dux militibus imperavit

not to attack.

ne oppugnarent.

This can also be done using iubeo +infinitive.

Eg. The leader ordered the soldiers to attack.

      dux milites oppugnare iussit.

40. Deponent Verbs

Deponent verbs are passive in form but active in meaning. They are all the verbs which end -or on your vocabulary list.

Eg. Conor- I try                                                                                                              Hortor-I urge                                                                                                loquor- I speak                                                                                              sequor- I follow                                                                                              profiscor- I set out                                                                                         ingredior- I go in, enter

41. Infinitives Part 2

So far we have looked at the Present infinive but there are other infinitives we might meet.

Verb

Present Infinitive Active

Present Infinitive Passive

Perfect Infinitive Active

Perfect Infinitive Passive

Future Infinitive Active

Future Infinitive Passive

amo

amare

amari

amavisse

amatus esse

amaturus esse

amatum iri

I love

To love

To be loved

To have loved

To have been loved

To be about to love

To be about to be loved

42. Indirect Statements:

These are formed using an accusative and the present infinitive.

Eg I know that the girl is coming.

        scio puellam venire.

43. Cum + subjunctive

When cum is followed by a subjunctive it is translated as when.

You often see it with the pluperfect subjunctive

Eg. Servus, cum reginam vidisset, laetus erat.

      The slave, when he had seen the queen, was happy.



44. Summary of Major Constructions

Purpose Clause

English:

Latin:

Eg

In order to

Ut or ne +present/imperfect subjunctive

veni ut reginam viderem. I came in order to see the queen

Indirect Command

English:

Latin:

Eg

Asking, ordering, persuading someone to do something

Ut or ne +present/imperfect subjunctive

me rogavit ut venire. He asked me to come

Consecutive Clause

English:

Latin:

Eg

So +adjective/adverb + that

Ut or ut non + subjunctive

tot libros legit ut sapientissimus sit. He reads so many books that he is very wise

Indirect Question

English:

Latin:

Eg

Knowing, saying, asking + question word

Question word +subj

rogavi cur venisset. I asked him why he had come.

Fear Clause

English:

Latin:

Eg

Verb of fearing + that

Timeo/ vereor + ut + subj

timebam ut venire. I was afraid he would come.

Cum+ Subjunctive

English:

Latin:

Eg

When, while, since

Cum + subj

cum haec verba dixisset, discessit. When he had said these words, he left.

Indirect Statement

(Accusative + Infinitive)

English:

Latin:

Eg

That

Accusative + infinitive

sciebam puerum venire. I knew that the boy was coming.

45. Grammatical Terms

Grammatical Terms

adjectives

These are words that describe nouns.

e.g. bonus (good), tristis (sad).

adverbs

These are words which describe verbs.

e.g. celeriter (quickly), statim (immediately)

cardinal number

unus (one), duo (two), tres (three) etc.

Note carefully the difference between this and an ORDINAL NUMBER.

case

nominative (subject), vocative (person spoken to), accusative (object), genitive (of), dative (to or for) or ablative (by, with, from).

comparative adjective

An adjective ending in -or meaning ‘more....'

e.g. latior (wider). See Comparison of Adjectives in your grammar notes.

conjugation

A family of verbs. e.g. amo (1) is in the first conjugation; audio (4) is in the fourth conjugation.

conjunction

A joining word. e.g. et (and), sed (but).

declension

A family of nouns. e.g. puella (girl) in in the first declension; servus (slave) is in the second declension; rex (king) is in the third declension. There are five declensions in all.

derivation

A word which has come from a Latin word, but which is NOT a translation of a Latin word.

e.g. aqua - ‘water' is a translation of this word, but possible derivations are aquarium, aquatic etc.

gender

Whether a noun or adjective is masculine, feminine or neuter.

imperative

An order.

e.g. audi! (listen!), amate! (love!).

infinitive

A to word, the second principal part of a verb, usually ending in -re in Latin.

e.g. amare (to love). But beware of esse (to be).

number

Whether a noun or verb is SINGULAR or PLURAL.

ordinal number

primus (first), secundus (second), tertius (third) and so on. Note carefully the difference between this an a CARDINAL NUMBER.

past participle passive

The supine with the final -m relaced with an -s.

e.g. supine amatum gives the ppp amatus (having been loved).

person

1^st person singular = I

2^nd person singular = You

3^rd person singular = He, She, It

1^st person plural = We

2^nd person plural = You

3^rd person plural = They

prepositions

Little words like cum (with), ad (to, towards), in (in).

In Latin, some prepositions are followed by accusative nouns, others by ablative nouns.

relative pronoun

The qui, quae, quod table.

See Relative Pronoun in your grammar notes.

superlative adjective

An adjective ending in -issimus or -errimus, meaning ‘very' or ‘most'.

e.g. latissimus (very wide, widest).

See Comparison of Adjectives in your grammar notes.

supine

The fourth principal part, ending in -um.

e.g. amatum.

tense

Present, future, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect or future perfect.

voice

Active or passive.

e.g. amo (I love) is in the active voice, but amor (I am loved) is in the passive voice.

English example in CAPITALS

Present

English

Infinitive

English

Key Vocabulary

Key Expressions

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